Leaf contents of nitrogen and phenolic compounds and their bearing with the herbivore damage to Tibouchina pulchra Cogn. (Melastomataceae), under the influence of air pollutants from industries of Cubatão, São Paulo
نویسندگان
چکیده
(Leaf contents of nitrogen and phenolic compounds and their bearing with herbivore damage to Tibouchina pulchra Cogn. (Melastomataceae), under the influence of air pollutants from industries of Cubatão, São Paulo). The Atlantic Forest on the slopes of Serra do Mar around Cubatão (São Paulo, Brazil) has been affected by massive emissions of pollutants from the local growing industrial complex. The effects of air pollution on the amounts of leaf nitrogen, total soluble phenols and total tannins of Tibouchina pulchra Cogn., a common species in the area of Cubatão, were investigated, as well as the possible influence of the altered parameters on the leaf area damaged by herbivores. Fully expanded leaves were collected at two sites: the valley of Pilões river (VP), characterized by a vegetation virtually not affected by air pollution and taken as a reference; and valley of Mogi river (VM), close to the core region of the industrial complex, and severely affected by air pollution. No differences were observed for any parameters between samples collected in the summer and winter in both sites. On the other hand, compared to VP, individuals growing in VM presented higher amounts of nitrogen and lower amounts of total soluble phenols and total tannins, as well as higher percentages of galls per leaf and higher leaf area lost to herbivores. Regression analysis revealed that the increase in leaf area lost to herbivores can be explained by the increase of the content of nitrogen and decrease in the contents of total soluble phenols and total tannins. Although significant, the coefficients of explanation found were low for all analyses, suggesting that other biotic or abiotic factors are likely to influence leaf attack by herbivores. RESUMO (Conteúdo foliar de nitrogênio e compostos fenólicos e sua relação com o ataque de herbívoros em Tibouchina pulchra Cogn. (Melastomataceae) sob a influência da poluição atmosférica emitida em Cubatão, São Paulo). O crescente processo de industrialização na região de Cubatão (São Paulo, Brasil) e as conseqüentes emissões de poluentes vêm há tempos afetando a vegetação da Serra do Mar ao seu redor, um remanescente de Mata Atlântica. Os efeitos da poluição aérea nos conteúdos foliares de nitrogênio, fenóis totais e taninos totais em indivíduos de Tibouchina pulchra Cogn., espécie predominante na região, foram avaliados, assim como a possível influência dessas alterações na intensidade de herbivoria foliar. Folhas completamente expandidas foram coletadas em duas áreas amostrais: Vale do Rio Pilões (VP), com pouca influência da poluição aérea de Cubatão e considerada como área de referência; e Vale do Rio Mogi (VM), área próxima ao centro do complexo industrial, sendo fortemente afetada pela poluição. Para todos os parâmetros, não foi observada diferença significativa entre os valores obtidos no verão e no inverno em ambas as áreas amostrais. Entretanto, comparados ao VP, os indivíduos do VM apresentaram maiores conteúdos de nitrogênio e menores de fenóis e taninos totais, assim como maiores porcentagens de galhas por folha e de área foliar perdida por herbivoria. As análises de regressão mostraram que o aumento na porcentagem de área foliar perdida por herbivoria pode ser explicada pelo aumento no conteúdo de nitrogênio e diminuição das concentrações de fenóis e taninos. Embora significativos, os coeficientes de explicação encontrados são baixos, indicando uma possível influência no ataque de herbívoros de outros fatores, bióticos ou abióticos, não avaliados neste estudo.
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